เพราะมอสซาเดกเห็นว่า บริษัท Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco) ที่เป็นการร่วมทุนระหว่างบริษัทน้ำมันยักษ์ใหญ่ของสหรัฐฯ ที่ได้สิทธิ์สัมปทานผูกขาดในการสำรวจและผลิตน้ำมันในซาอุดีอาระเบียในขณะนั้น ได้ทำข้อตกลงแบ่งผลกำไร 50% จากการขายน้ำมันให้กับซาอุดีอาระเบีย ซึ่งเป็นสัดส่วนที่ยุติธรรมมากกว่า
พร้อมทั้งในปีเดียวกันนี้ AIOC ยังได้เปลี่ยนชื่อเป็น British Petroleum Company (BP) ซึ่งเป็นชื่อบริษัทพลังงานยักษ์ใหญ่ของอังกฤษ ที่เราคุ้นหูกันดีจนถึงทุกวันนี้ อีกด้วย
AIOC : The Oil Company Behind the History of U.S. - Iran Conflict /By Longtunman
Since the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the world has largely viewed the United States and Iran as clear adversaries.
Yet few realize that the two countries were once remarkably close. They had even been strong allies.
What ultimately transformed their relationship was a conflict between Iran and an oil company known as the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) - a dispute that permanently reshaped ties between Washington and Tehran.
How did AIOC change the course of U.S. - Iran relations ?
Longtunman will explain.
During World War II, the power of Iran’s monarchy began to decline, while the authority of parliament grew stronger.
This period marked a flourishing of democracy in Iran.
After the war, Iran held new parliamentary elections. The result brought Mohammad Mossadegh, a Swiss-educated lawyer with a doctorate in law, to power as prime minister.
Mossadegh soon sought a larger share of Iran’s oil revenues from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), which was partly owned by the British government.
At the time, Iran received only 16% of the revenue from oil sales.
Mossadegh believed this arrangement was unfair.
He pointed to Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco), a joint venture among major U.S. oil firms that held exclusive oil concessions in Saudi Arabia. Aramco had agreed to share 50% of oil profits with the Saudi government - a far more equitable deal.
Mossadegh therefore demanded a similar 50:50 revenue-sharing arrangement.
He also requested the right for the Iranian government to audit AIOC’s accounts to verify its true profits. In addition, he called for better living conditions for Iranian workers at the company’s refinery facilities.
AIOC rejected these demands outright.
The company feared that conceding to Iran could encourage similar demands across other British colonial interests.
When negotiations failed, Mossadegh took a bold step.
In 1951, he nationalized the oil industry and transformed AIOC’s Iranian operations into a state-owned oil company.
AIOC was outraged. What followed was the beginning of an intense lobbying campaign.
The company persuaded the British government that Iran’s nationalization posed a threat to Britain’s national security.
In response, Britain imposed economic sanctions and deployed naval forces to the Persian Gulf, blockading Iranian oil exports and preventing foreign tankers from entering or leaving the port of Abadan.
Britain also filed a case against Iran at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) shortly after Mossadegh signed the nationalization law.
But the court dismissed the case, delivering a major legal victory for Mossadegh and Iran.
Britain refused to accept the outcome.
It escalated its pressure by threatening legal action against shipping companies worldwide that continued transporting Iranian oil.
Behind the scenes, British officials and AIOC began considering an even more drastic option : overthrowing Mossadegh’s government by force.
However, Britain lacked the capability to act alone and therefore sought assistance from the United States.
Before this crisis, Iran had viewed the United States very differently.
Since the mid-19th century, many Iranians regarded America as a rising power worthy of admiration. Unlike Western powers, the United States had no colonial history in the Middle East.
Washington also appeared neutral, capable of balancing the influence of both the British Empire and the Soviet Union, which were competing for influence in the region.
As a result, Iran trusted the United States more than other great powers.
Under President Harry Truman, the U.S. largely maintained that image.
Truman believed the dispute between Iran and AIOC stemmed primarily from the company’s rigidity and Britain’s outdated colonial mindset.
He urged Britain to accept a 50:50 revenue-sharing agreement and repeatedly attempted to mediate between London and Tehran.
But Britain refused to compromise.
It also developed a plan - code-named Operation Y - to remove Mossadegh by force.
When Truman learned of the plan, he rejected it outright. He also prohibited the CIA from participating in any attempt to overthrow Iran’s democratically elected government.
From Truman’s perspective, Mossadegh was a nationalist leader but still committed to democracy.
That made him a valuable barrier against communist influence in the Middle East.
However, Truman’s time in office was running out.
After his presidency ended in 1953, the U.S. government under President Dwight Eisenhower took a much harder line on communism.
AIOC began presenting intelligence - both accurate and questionable - suggesting that Mossadegh could fall under the influence of pro-communist political groups.
Eisenhower increasingly viewed the situation not merely as an oil dispute, but as a potential geopolitical risk : Iran might drift into the communist sphere.
At that moment, British oil interests and American fears of communism converged.
For Iran, it was an unfortunate turning point.
This time, AIOC succeeded.
The United States eventually agreed to join a covert plan to overthrow Mossadegh’s government, known as Operation Ajax.
The CIA provided funding and personnel, while Britain’s MI6 coordinated intelligence operations.
In this operation, AIOC was no longer merely an oil company. It became a crucial intelligence source.
The company provided networks of Iranian bureaucrats, military officers, and influential figures who could be persuaded - or bribed - to infiltrate the country’s power structure from within.
Meanwhile, Britain launched propaganda campaigns to stir anti-government sentiment.
The CIA spent large sums of money to bribe politicians, military officers, and mobilize crowds to stage unrest in Tehran.
The carefully engineered chaos gradually created the impression that Mossadegh’s government was losing control of the country.
On August 19, 1953, military units involved in the operation seized power, successfully overthrowing Mossadegh’s democratically elected government.
The coup restored Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to full political authority.
The Shah gradually weakened parliament, causing Iran’s democratic institutions to erode.
Meanwhile, Iran’s oil industry was reorganized in 1954 through a consortium of international oil companies, with AIOC once again at the center.
That same year, AIOC changed its name to British Petroleum Company (BP) - the British energy giant still known worldwide today.
Under the new arrangement, Iran finally received 50% of oil revenues, one of Mossadegh’s original demands.
With strong support from the United States, Iran’s economy grew rapidly under the Shah, especially during the 1960s and 1970s.
For Washington, Iran became a key strategic ally in the Middle East.
Yet the image of the United States among ordinary Iranians had already changed.
Many Iranians believed the Shah had tied the country’s destiny too closely to Western powers.
At the same time, the Shah ruled increasingly as an authoritarian leader. His secret police force, SAVAK, suppressed political opponents, students, intellectuals, and dissidents.
Public resentment toward the Shah’s dictatorship - combined with distrust of the United States and the West - continued to grow.
Amid this atmosphere, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini emerged as a central figure in the opposition.
Protests that began on a small scale eventually spread nationwide, culminating in the Iranian Revolution of 1979.
The revolution not only toppled the monarchy. It also unleashed long-suppressed anger toward the United States - anger rooted partly in the 1953 coup.
Since then, relations between Iran and the United States have been fundamentally broken.
What began as a dispute over oil between Iran and AIOC - an issue that might have been resolved through negotiation - ultimately evolved into a turning point for the Middle East, one that continues to shape global geopolitics to this day.