The Middle East : The Heart of the Global Economy for 3,000 Years /By Longtunman
Did you know that the Middle East accounts for less than 5% of global GDP, yet it has long served as one of the central engines of the global economy ?
Many people assume this is simply because of oil. That explanation is partly true - but long before oil was discovered, this region had already been at the center of global commerce for more than 3,000 years.
For millennia, empires and nations have competed to control this land, even though much of it is covered by deserts and barren mountains.
So what made the Middle East such a “golden land” that countless powers have sought to control throughout history ?
Longtunman will walk you through the story.
The story begins with two great rivers: the Tigris River and the Euphrates River, which together form the fertile region known as the Fertile Crescent.
This fertile land gave rise to the Sumerian civilization around 4,000 BC.
With fertile soil came agriculture. As food production increased, societies needed a way to record surpluses and stored supplies to manage food across different seasons.
This necessity led to the creation of one of humanity’s earliest writing systems: Cuneiform, which was inscribed on clay tablets.
Writing quickly became the foundation of trade. Merchants used it to keep accounts and formalize agreements.
Temples played a central economic role, serving not only as religious centers but also as early banks. They lent goods or grain to merchants at relatively low interest rates, which could later be repaid in agricultural products.
Even after the fall of the Sumerians, later civilizations such as the Akkadian Empire, Assyrian Empire, and Neo-Babylonian Empire continued using these commercial systems.
The continuity of this system enabled merchants to expand their trading networks far beyond the region.
By around 1800 BC, merchants were already trading with India.
Indian spices were exchanged for frankincense and aromatic goods from the Arabian Peninsula at ports along the Arabian coast. From there, camel caravans transported these goods deep into inland markets.
This trade network gradually turned the Middle East into one of the world’s earliest commercial crossroads.
However, the Neo-Babylonian civilization eventually fell to the Achaemenid Empire - what we now associate with modern-day Iran.
With this conquest, Persia gained control not only of the territory but also of the vital trade routes that ran through it.
Persia’s influence stretched from the Middle East to the Mediterranean and Upper Egypt, effectively allowing it to dominate regional trade.
This dominance did not last forever.
The Persian Empire eventually fell to Alexander the Great.
After conquering the region, Alexander founded the city of Alexandria in Egypt as a strategic hub linking trade between Asia and Europe.
Alexandria soon became a global warehouse of goods, receiving products from Asia, Europe, and North Africa.
Even after Alexander’s death and the fragmentation of his empire, the Middle East remained a vital trade corridor.
Later, during the height of the Roman Empire, trade routes across the Middle East connected Rome with distant eastern kingdoms such as China.
This network later became known as the Silk Road, named after the silk that China exported westward to the Roman world.
Trade dynamics changed when Muslim rulers gained control of Alexandria.
By controlling this city, they effectively held one of the key gateways between Eastern and Western trade networks.
During this time, China gradually expanded maritime trade routes, while Muslim merchants became influential intermediaries of global commerce under two major dynasties :
- Umayyad Caliphate
- Abbasid Caliphate
These dynasties ruled for more than 600 years and oversaw a flourishing intellectual era.
Scholars translated knowledge from Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, and Syriac into Arabic, preserving and expanding scientific knowledge.
One key figure was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi.
He helped formalize algebra, a field of mathematics that students still study today, and contributed to the development of the decimal numeral system used worldwide.
Another important scholar, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, made major contributions to trigonometry.
These scientific advances improved navigation and ship design, enabling Arab merchants to expand maritime trade across vast distances.
The influence of the Islamic world was so significant that Arabic words entered many European languages. For example, the Spanish word for sugar, azúcar, comes from the Arabic as-sukkar.
The Abbasid dynasty eventually declined after devastating invasions by the Mongol Empire during the 13th century.
Later, the Mamluk Sultanate rose to power, successfully pushing back Mongol expansion and defeating European forces during the Crusades.
But another powerful rival soon emerged : the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottomans eventually defeated the Mamluks and captured the Byzantine capital of Constantinople.
From that point onward, most of the Middle East came under Ottoman rule.
Only the Arabian Peninsula and Persia remained outside their control.
At the time, the Arabian Peninsula was largely ignored because it appeared to be an inhospitable desert - long before anyone realized the enormous oil reserves hidden beneath it.
Meanwhile, Persia under the Safavid dynasty became an important trading hub connecting Europe, India, and the Middle East.
Persian merchants traveled widely across Asia and Europe. One of them, Sheikh Ahmad Qomi, even reached the Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya during the reign of King Songtham.
He later became the Chularatchamontri, overseeing Muslim affairs and international trade in the kingdom.
Thai still retains several Persian loanwords, such as phasi (tax), kulap (rose), and angoon (grape).
By controlling the eastern Mediterranean, the Ottomans effectively dominated the overland spice trade between Asia and Europe.
Spices - essential for preserving food and adding flavor - came mainly from India and Southeast Asia.
European merchants had to buy these goods through Ottoman-controlled routes.
To regulate distribution in Europe, the Ottomans worked with the Republic of Venice, which became a key distributor of spices across the continent.
As a result, Europeans had little bargaining power and were forced to pay high prices.
But enormous profits inevitably attracted competitors.
The first major challenger was Portugal.
Unable to access Ottoman-controlled routes, Portuguese explorers sailed around Africa to reach India by sea.
Eventually, Vasco da Gama successfully arrived in India, opening a new maritime route for the spice trade.
This discovery began diverting profits away from the Ottoman-controlled routes.
Other European powers soon joined the competition.
Spain eventually took control of Portugal, temporarily gaining dominance over the spice trade. But new challengers - particularly the Netherlands and England - quickly emerged.
In time, the main rivalry came down to Spain and England.
Their conflict culminated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada by England.
This victory allowed England to rise as a dominant trading power between Asia and Europe, directly competing with the Ottoman Empire.
And it would be England that later reshaped the history of the Middle East once again.
The region that had long been the heart of global commerce would soon become the hidden engine of the world economy - because of a black liquid buried beneath its deserts.
“Oil.”
How oil transformed the Middle East into the modern center of global geopolitics will be explored in “The Middle East : The Heart of the Global Economy for 3,000 Years - Episode 2.”