Why Does Germany Reject Nuclear Power ? /By Longtunman
With the rising trend of energy prices—such as oil and natural gas—many countries are increasingly turning their attention toward nuclear energy.
However, one country has moved in the opposite direction by rejecting nuclear power plants: Germany, one of the world's leading economic powers.
Why has Germany chosen to swim against the current by rejecting nuclear power, even though its electricity production costs are much cheaper than other forms of energy?
Longtunman will tell you the story.
If we go back 80 years, nuclear energy was once seen primarily as a force of destruction. It was used devastatingly during World War II when the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.
But in terms of electricity generation, nuclear power is considered a clean alternative energy source. It is low-cost, highly efficient, and has extremely low carbon emissions, which helps reduce air pollution on a massive scale.
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The key strengths of nuclear power include:
- 24-hour production: It can generate electricity around the clock.
- Abundant Fuel: Uranium, the primary fuel source, is found in high quantities dissolved in seawater and within the Earth's crust.
It is estimated that existing uranium reserves could fuel currently operating nuclear power plants worldwide for up to 230 years.
Thus, nuclear energy appears to be an alternative that we can use longer and more sustainably than fossil fuels or oil.
Currently, 30 countries utilize nuclear power plants. Data from the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) indicates that there are 416 nuclear reactors currently operating worldwide. The countries operating the most reactors are the United States, followed by China, France, Russia, and South Korea.
Despite the immense benefits of nuclear energy—namely low costs and high efficiency—Europe’s largest economy, Germany, refuses to use it for electricity production.
The reason Germany rejects nuclear power is due to "hidden costs."
Even though the operational cost of generating nuclear electricity is lower than other methods, a massive financial burden arises when it is time to decommission or dismantle the plant.
Germany learned an expensive lesson from its once-largest facility, the Lubmin Nuclear Power Plant.
Lubmin was shut down in 1990 after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the reunification of East and West Germany. The dismantling occurred because West Germany’s safety standards were applied to the East. The East German plants, built to Soviet standards, failed to meet the safety criteria set by the West.
When Germany ordered the closure and dismantling, they were hit with astronomical "Decommissioning Costs."
This expense doesn't end with simply tearing down a building. The costs escalate because of the highly complex management of "radioactive waste." Internal components of the reactor and spent fuel rods remain radioactive—dangerous to living beings and persistent in the environment for generations.
While the volume of waste from a nuclear plant is much smaller than that from fossil fuels, it requires strict, safe management according to international standards, such as:
- Temporary Cooling: Storing waste within the plant for 1–5 years to cool down before moving it to secure dry storage.
- Permanent Disposal: High-level radioactive waste must be buried deep and permanently in stable geological structures, such as granite layers or salt domes, to prevent environmental contamination.
For Germany, these massive costs are seen as a burden that the current generation is dumping onto the next. Young people will have to shoulder the taxes and expenses of managing toxic waste they didn't create.
Beyond money, another major factor that accelerated Germany's decision was the Fukushima disaster in Japan in 2011.
That event made the German public realize that no matter how technologically advanced a country is, unforeseen accidents can always happen. If such an error occurred in a densely populated region like Europe, the resulting damage could be immeasurable.
For all these reasons, Germany decided to look toward more sustainable energy sources, such as wind and solar power—even if these renewables are less efficient and carry higher initial costs.
Germany officially closed its last nuclear power plants in April 2023. Today, renewable energy accounts for 52% of Germany's total electricity production. More than half of the country's power is now generated by wind and solar.
Because for Germany, sustainable energy shouldn't just be cheap and clean on the day it is used. It must be energy that doesn't leave problems behind for future generations to solve for centuries to come.