🌊| Several important port cities in Asia in the 15th - 16th centuries AD.
This map illustrates the Indian Ocean trade (15th–16th centuries), a vast maritime network linking East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, facilitating the exchange of spices, textiles, metals, timber, and luxury goods. Dominated by Arab, Indian, Persian, and Southeast Asian merchants, it thrived through major hubs like Calicut, Malacca, Hormuz, and Aden.
The Ottoman Empire controlled key overland and maritime routes, particularly in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, acting as a gateway between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean. Seeking to bypass Ottoman control and Muslim intermediaries, the Portuguese arrived via the southern route around Africa, followed by the Dutch and Spanish.
Their armed trading fleets and fortified outposts disrupted traditional networks, imposing monopolies on key commodities like spices and shifting control of Indian Ocean trade toward Europe.
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